Begin correctly implementing packet obsfucation

I re-implemented Unscrambler, but in reverse! This currently only
affects names in the PlayerSpawn packet, it needs to be extended
into others to be considered complete.

See #9

build.rs

@@ -78,6 +78,24 @@ fn main() {
                 output_str.push_str("}\n\n");
                 output_str.push_str("}\n\n");
 
+                // opcodes
+                output_str.push_str("/// Returns the integer opcode.\n");
+                output_str.push_str("pub fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16 {\n");
+                output_str.push_str("match self {\n");
+
+                for opcode in opcodes {
+                    let opcode = opcode.as_object().unwrap();
+                    let name = opcode.get("name").unwrap().as_str().unwrap();
+                    let opcode = opcode.get("opcode").unwrap().as_number().unwrap();
+
+                    output_str.push_str(&format!("{key}::{name} => {opcode},\n"));
+                }
+
+                output_str.push_str(&format!("{key}::Unknown(opcode) => *opcode,\n"));
+
+                output_str.push_str("}\n\n");
+                output_str.push_str("}\n\n");
+
                 // end impl
                 output_str.push_str("}\n\n");
             }

src/bin/kawari-world.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ use kawari::packet::oodle::OodleNetwork;
 use kawari::packet::{
     ConnectionType, PacketSegment, PacketState, SegmentData, SegmentType, send_keep_alive,
 };
-use kawari::world::{ChatHandler, ExtraLuaState, LuaZone, Zone, ZoneConnection, load_init_script};
+use kawari::world::{
+    ChatHandler, ExtraLuaState, LuaZone, ObsfucationData, Zone, ZoneConnection, load_init_script,
+};
 use kawari::world::{
     ClientHandle, Event, FromServer, LuaPlayer, PlayerData, ServerHandle, StatusEffects, ToServer,
     WorldDatabase, handle_custom_ipc, server_main_loop,
@@ -1099,6 +1101,7 @@ async fn main() {
                     last_keep_alive: Instant::now(),
                     gracefully_logged_out: false,
                     weather_id: 0,
+                    obsfucation_data: ObsfucationData::default(),
                 });
             }
             Some((mut socket, _)) = handle_rcon(&rcon_listener) => {

src/ipc/chat/mod.rs

@@ -2,20 +2,23 @@ use binrw::binrw;
 
 use crate::{
     opcodes::ServerChatIpcType,
-    packet::{IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment},
+    packet::{IPC_HEADER_SIZE, IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment},
 };
 
 pub type ServerChatIpcSegment = IpcSegment<ServerChatIpcType, ServerChatIpcData>;
 
 impl ReadWriteIpcSegment for ServerChatIpcSegment {
     fn calc_size(&self) -> u32 {
-        // 16 is the size of the IPC header
-        16 + self.op_code.calc_size()
+        IPC_HEADER_SIZE + self.op_code.calc_size()
     }
 
     fn get_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         self.op_code.get_name()
     }
+
+    fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.op_code.get_opcode()
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: make generic

src/ipc/kawari/mod.rs

@@ -3,34 +3,38 @@ use binrw::binrw;
 use crate::{
     common::{CHAR_NAME_MAX_LENGTH, read_bool_from, read_string, write_bool_as, write_string},
     ipc::lobby::CharacterDetails,
-    packet::{IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment},
+    packet::{IPC_HEADER_SIZE, IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment},
 };
 
 pub type CustomIpcSegment = IpcSegment<CustomIpcType, CustomIpcData>;
 
 impl ReadWriteIpcSegment for CustomIpcSegment {
     fn calc_size(&self) -> u32 {
-        // 16 is the size of the IPC header
-        16 + match self.op_code {
-            CustomIpcType::RequestCreateCharacter => 1024 + CHAR_NAME_MAX_LENGTH as u32,
-            CustomIpcType::CharacterCreated => 12,
-            CustomIpcType::GetActorId => 8,
-            CustomIpcType::ActorIdFound => 4,
-            CustomIpcType::CheckNameIsAvailable => CHAR_NAME_MAX_LENGTH as u32,
-            CustomIpcType::NameIsAvailableResponse => 1,
-            CustomIpcType::RequestCharacterList => 4,
-            CustomIpcType::RequestCharacterListRepsonse => 1 + (1184 * 8),
-            CustomIpcType::DeleteCharacter => 8,
-            CustomIpcType::CharacterDeleted => 1,
-            CustomIpcType::ImportCharacter => 132,
-            CustomIpcType::RemakeCharacter => 1024 + 8,
-            CustomIpcType::CharacterRemade => 8,
-        }
+        IPC_HEADER_SIZE
+            + match self.op_code {
+                CustomIpcType::RequestCreateCharacter => 1024 + CHAR_NAME_MAX_LENGTH as u32,
+                CustomIpcType::CharacterCreated => 12,
+                CustomIpcType::GetActorId => 8,
+                CustomIpcType::ActorIdFound => 4,
+                CustomIpcType::CheckNameIsAvailable => CHAR_NAME_MAX_LENGTH as u32,
+                CustomIpcType::NameIsAvailableResponse => 1,
+                CustomIpcType::RequestCharacterList => 4,
+                CustomIpcType::RequestCharacterListRepsonse => 1 + (1184 * 8),
+                CustomIpcType::DeleteCharacter => 8,
+                CustomIpcType::CharacterDeleted => 1,
+                CustomIpcType::ImportCharacter => 132,
+                CustomIpcType::RemakeCharacter => 1024 + 8,
+                CustomIpcType::CharacterRemade => 8,
+            }
     }
 
     fn get_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         ""
     }
+
+    fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16 {
+        todo!()
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for CustomIpcSegment {

src/ipc/lobby/mod.rs

@@ -15,20 +15,23 @@ pub use login_reply::{LoginReply, ServiceAccount};
 use crate::{
     common::{read_string, write_string},
     opcodes::{ClientLobbyIpcType, ServerLobbyIpcType},
-    packet::{IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment},
+    packet::{IPC_HEADER_SIZE, IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment},
 };
 
 pub type ClientLobbyIpcSegment = IpcSegment<ClientLobbyIpcType, ClientLobbyIpcData>;
 
 impl ReadWriteIpcSegment for ClientLobbyIpcSegment {
     fn calc_size(&self) -> u32 {
-        // 16 is the size of the IPC header
-        16 + self.op_code.calc_size()
+        IPC_HEADER_SIZE + self.op_code.calc_size()
     }
 
     fn get_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         self.op_code.get_name()
     }
+
+    fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.op_code.get_opcode()
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: make generic
@@ -53,13 +56,16 @@ pub type ServerLobbyIpcSegment = IpcSegment<ServerLobbyIpcType, ServerLobbyIpcDa
 
 impl ReadWriteIpcSegment for ServerLobbyIpcSegment {
     fn calc_size(&self) -> u32 {
-        // 16 is the size of the IPC header
-        16 + self.op_code.calc_size()
+        IPC_HEADER_SIZE + self.op_code.calc_size()
     }
 
     fn get_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         self.op_code.get_name()
     }
+
+    fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.op_code.get_opcode()
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: make generic

src/ipc/zone/init_zone.rs

@@ -17,8 +17,12 @@ pub struct InitZone {
     /// Zero means "no obsfucation" (not really, but functionally yes.)
     /// To enable obsfucation, you need to set this to a constant that changes every patch. See lib.rs for the constant.
     pub obsfucation_mode: u8,
-    pub unk1: u8,
-    pub unk2: u32,
+    /// First seed used in deobsfucation on the client side.
+    pub seed1: u8,
+    /// Second seed used in deobsfucation on the client side.
+    pub seed2: u8,
+    /// Third seed used in deobsfucation on the client size.
+    pub seed3: u32,
     pub festival_id: u16,
     pub additional_festival_id: u16,
     pub unk3: u32,
@@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ pub struct InitZone {
     pub unk5: u32,
     pub unk6: [u32; 4],
     pub unk7: [u32; 3],
-    pub unk8_9: [u8; 9],
+    pub unk8_9: [u8; 8],
     pub position: Position,
     pub unk8: [u32; 4],
     pub unk9: u32,

src/ipc/zone/mod.rs

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ use crate::common::read_string;
 use crate::common::write_string;
 use crate::opcodes::ClientZoneIpcType;
 use crate::opcodes::ServerZoneIpcType;
+use crate::packet::IPC_HEADER_SIZE;
 use crate::packet::IpcSegment;
 use crate::packet::ReadWriteIpcSegment;
 
@@ -101,13 +102,16 @@ pub type ClientZoneIpcSegment = IpcSegment<ClientZoneIpcType, ClientZoneIpcData>
 
 impl ReadWriteIpcSegment for ClientZoneIpcSegment {
     fn calc_size(&self) -> u32 {
-        // 16 is the size of the IPC header
-        16 + self.op_code.calc_size()
+        IPC_HEADER_SIZE + self.op_code.calc_size()
     }
 
     fn get_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         self.op_code.get_name()
     }
+
+    fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.op_code.get_opcode()
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: make generic
@@ -128,13 +132,16 @@ pub type ServerZoneIpcSegment = IpcSegment<ServerZoneIpcType, ServerZoneIpcData>
 
 impl ReadWriteIpcSegment for ServerZoneIpcSegment {
     fn calc_size(&self) -> u32 {
-        // 16 is the size of the IPC header
-        16 + self.op_code.calc_size()
+        IPC_HEADER_SIZE + self.op_code.calc_size()
     }
 
     fn get_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         self.op_code.get_name()
     }
+
+    fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.op_code.get_opcode()
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: make generic

src/lib.rs

@@ -66,9 +66,6 @@ pub fn get_supported_expac_versions() -> HashMap<&'static str, Version<'static>>
     HashMap::from(SUPPORTED_EXPAC_VERSIONS)
 }
 
-/// Constant to enable packet obsfucation. Changes every patch.
-pub const OBFUSCATION_ENABLED_MODE: u8 = 41;
-
 /// The size of the unlock bitmask.
 pub const UNLOCK_BITMASK_SIZE: usize = 92;
 

src/lobby/connection.rs

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ impl LobbyConnection {
             ConnectionType::Lobby,
             CompressionType::Uncompressed,
             &[segment],
+            None,
         )
         .await;
     }
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ impl LobbyConnection {
             ConnectionType::Lobby,
             CompressionType::Uncompressed,
             &packets,
+            None,
         )
         .await;
 
@@ -560,6 +562,7 @@ pub async fn send_custom_world_packet(segment: CustomIpcSegment) -> Option<Custo
         ConnectionType::None,
         CompressionType::Uncompressed,
         &[segment],
+        None,
     )
     .await;
 

src/packet/compression.rs

@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ use binrw::{BinRead, BinResult};
 use crate::{
     config::get_config,
     packet::{PacketHeader, PacketSegment},
+    world::ScramblerKeys,
 };
 
-use super::{PacketState, ReadWriteIpcSegment, oodle::OodleNetwork};
+use super::{IPC_HEADER_SIZE, PacketState, ReadWriteIpcSegment, SegmentData, oodle::OodleNetwork};
 
 #[binrw]
 #[brw(repr = u8)]
@@ -77,18 +78,44 @@ pub(crate) fn compress<T: ReadWriteIpcSegment>(
     state: &mut PacketState,
     compression_type: &CompressionType,
     segments: &[PacketSegment<T>],
+    keys: Option<&ScramblerKeys>,
 ) -> (Vec<u8>, usize) {
-    let mut segments_buffer = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
+    let mut segments_buffer = Vec::new();
     for segment in segments {
-        segment
-            .write_le_args(
-                &mut segments_buffer,
-                (state.client_key.as_ref().map(|s: &[u8; 16]| s.as_slice()),),
-            )
-            .unwrap();
+        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
+
+        // write to buffer
+        {
+            let mut cursor = Cursor::new(&mut buffer);
+
+            segment
+                .write_le_args(
+                    &mut cursor,
+                    (state.client_key.as_ref().map(|s: &[u8; 16]| s.as_slice()),),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // obsfucate if needed
+        if let Some(keys) = keys {
+            if let SegmentData::Ipc { data } = &segment.data {
+                let opcode = data.get_opcode();
+                let base_key = keys.get_base_key(opcode);
+
+                if data.get_name() == "PlayerSpawn" {
+                    let name_offset = 610;
+                    for i in 0..32 {
+                        buffer[(IPC_HEADER_SIZE + name_offset + i) as usize] = buffer
+                            [(IPC_HEADER_SIZE + name_offset + i) as usize]
+                            .wrapping_add(base_key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        segments_buffer.append(&mut buffer);
     }
 
-    let segments_buffer = segments_buffer.into_inner();
     let segments_buffer_len = segments_buffer.len();
 
     match compression_type {

src/packet/ipc.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ pub trait ReadWriteIpcSegment:
 
     /// Returns a human-readable name of the opcode.
     fn get_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    /// Returns the integer opcode.
+    fn get_opcode(&self) -> u16;
 }
 
 /// An IPC packet segment.
@@ -60,3 +63,5 @@ where
     #[br(args(&op_code, size))]
     pub data: Data,
 }
+
+pub const IPC_HEADER_SIZE: u32 = 16;

src/packet/mod.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ mod encryption;
 pub use encryption::generate_encryption_key;
 
 mod ipc;
-pub use ipc::{IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment};
+pub use ipc::{IPC_HEADER_SIZE, IpcSegment, ReadWriteIpcSegment};
 
 /// Bindings for Oodle network compression.
 pub mod oodle;

src/packet/send_helpers.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::io::Cursor;
 use binrw::BinWrite;
 use tokio::{io::AsyncWriteExt, net::TcpStream};
 
-use crate::common::timestamp_msecs;
+use crate::{common::timestamp_msecs, world::ScramblerKeys};
 
 use super::{
     CompressionType, ConnectionType, PacketHeader, PacketSegment, PacketState, ReadWriteIpcSegment,
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ pub async fn send_packet<T: ReadWriteIpcSegment>(
     connection_type: ConnectionType,
     compression_type: CompressionType,
     segments: &[PacketSegment<T>],
+    keys: Option<&ScramblerKeys>,
 ) {
-    let (data, uncompressed_size) = compress(state, &compression_type, segments);
+    let (data, uncompressed_size) = compress(state, &compression_type, segments, keys);
     let size = std::mem::size_of::<PacketHeader>() + data.len();
 
     let header = PacketHeader {
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ pub async fn send_keep_alive<T: ReadWriteIpcSegment>(
         connection_type,
         CompressionType::Uncompressed,
         &[response_packet],
+        None,
     )
     .await;
 }

src/world/connection.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use mlua::Function;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 
 use crate::{
-    COMPLETED_QUEST_BITMASK_SIZE, OBFUSCATION_ENABLED_MODE,
+    COMPLETED_QUEST_BITMASK_SIZE,
     common::{
         GameData, ObjectId, ObjectTypeId, Position, timestamp_secs, value_to_flag_byte_index_value,
     },
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 use super::{
-    Actor, CharacterData, EffectsBuilder, Event, LuaPlayer, StatusEffects, ToServer, WorldDatabase,
-    Zone,
+    Actor, CharacterData, EffectsBuilder, Event, LuaPlayer, OBFUSCATION_ENABLED_MODE,
+    ScramblerKeyGenerator, ScramblerKeys, StatusEffects, ToServer, WorldDatabase, Zone,
     common::{ClientId, ServerHandle},
     load_init_script,
     lua::Task,
@@ -85,7 +85,16 @@ pub struct PlayerData {
     pub completed_quests: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
-/// Represents a single connection between an instance of the client and the world server
+/// Various obsfucation-related bits like the seeds and keys for this connection.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct ObsfucationData {
+    pub keys: Option<ScramblerKeys>,
+    pub seed1: u8,
+    pub seed2: u8,
+    pub seed3: u32,
+}
+
+/// Represents a single connection between an instance of the client and the world server.
 pub struct ZoneConnection {
     pub config: WorldConfig,
     pub socket: TcpStream,
@@ -119,6 +128,8 @@ pub struct ZoneConnection {
 
     // TODO: really needs to be moved somewhere else
     pub weather_id: u16,
+
+    pub obsfucation_data: ObsfucationData,
 }
 
 impl ZoneConnection {
@@ -140,6 +151,7 @@ impl ZoneConnection {
                 CompressionType::Uncompressed
             },
             &[segment],
+            self.obsfucation_data.keys.as_ref(),
         )
         .await;
     }
@@ -155,6 +167,7 @@ impl ZoneConnection {
                 CompressionType::Uncompressed
             },
             &[segment],
+            self.obsfucation_data.keys.as_ref(),
         )
         .await;
     }
@@ -350,6 +363,27 @@ impl ZoneConnection {
         // Player Class Info
         self.update_class_info().await;
 
+        // Generate obsfucation-related keys if needed.
+        if self.config.enable_packet_obsfucation {
+            let seed1 = fastrand::u8(..);
+            let seed2 = fastrand::u8(..);
+            let seed3 = fastrand::u32(..);
+
+            let generator = ScramblerKeyGenerator::new();
+
+            self.obsfucation_data = ObsfucationData {
+                keys: Some(generator.generate(seed1, seed2, seed3)),
+                seed1,
+                seed2,
+                seed3,
+            };
+
+            tracing::info!(
+                "You enabled packet obsfucation in your World config, things will break! {:?}",
+                self.obsfucation_data
+            );
+        }
+
         // Init Zone
         {
             let config = get_config();
@@ -372,6 +406,9 @@ impl ZoneConnection {
                     } else {
                         0
                     },
+                    seed1: !self.obsfucation_data.seed1,
+                    seed2: !self.obsfucation_data.seed2,
+                    seed3: !self.obsfucation_data.seed3,
                     ..Default::default()
                 }),
                 ..Default::default()

src/world/custom_ipc_handler.rs

@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ pub async fn handle_custom_ipc(connection: &mut ZoneConnection, data: &CustomIpc
                         },
                         ..Default::default()
                     }],
+                    None,
                 )
                 .await;
             }
@@ -186,6 +187,7 @@ pub async fn handle_custom_ipc(connection: &mut ZoneConnection, data: &CustomIpc
                         },
                         ..Default::default()
                     }],
+                    None,
                 )
                 .await;
             }
@@ -234,6 +236,7 @@ pub async fn handle_custom_ipc(connection: &mut ZoneConnection, data: &CustomIpc
                         },
                         ..Default::default()
                     }],
+                    None,
                 )
                 .await;
             }

src/world/mod.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ mod chat_handler;
 pub use chat_handler::ChatHandler;
 
 mod connection;
-pub use connection::{ExtraLuaState, PlayerData, ZoneConnection};
+pub use connection::{ExtraLuaState, ObsfucationData, PlayerData, ZoneConnection};
 
 mod database;
 pub use database::{CharacterData, WorldDatabase};
@@ -30,3 +30,6 @@ pub use custom_ipc_handler::handle_custom_ipc;
 
 mod common;
 pub use common::{ClientHandle, ClientId, FromServer, ServerHandle, ToServer};
+
+mod scrambler;
+pub use scrambler::{OBFUSCATION_ENABLED_MODE, ScramblerKeyGenerator, ScramblerKeys};

src/world/scrambler.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//! Obfuscation-related structures and procedures. This is based on the ever fantastic work of Perchbird and his Unscrambler: https://github.com/perchbirdd/Unscrambler
+//! This is simply a Rust-reimplementation of Unscrambler.
+
+/// Constant to enable packet obfuscation. Changes every patch.
+pub const OBFUSCATION_ENABLED_MODE: u8 = 118;
+
+/// Generates the necessary keys from three seeds.
+pub struct ScramblerKeyGenerator {
+    table0: &'static [i32],
+    table1: &'static [i32],
+    table2: &'static [i32],
+    mid_table: &'static [u8],
+    day_table: &'static [u8],
+    table_radixes: &'static [i32],
+    table_max: &'static [i32],
+}
+
+impl ScramblerKeyGenerator {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        // Technically unsafe, but Unscrambler's tables should be correct anyway
+        unsafe {
+            Self {
+                table0: std::mem::transmute::<&[u8], &[i32]>(include_bytes!(
+                    "../../resources/table0.bin"
+                )),
+                table1: std::mem::transmute::<&[u8], &[i32]>(include_bytes!(
+                    "../../resources/table1.bin"
+                )),
+                table2: std::mem::transmute::<&[u8], &[i32]>(include_bytes!(
+                    "../../resources/table2.bin"
+                )),
+                mid_table: include_bytes!("../../resources/midtable.bin"),
+                day_table: include_bytes!("../../resources/daytable.bin"),
+
+                // TODO: is it possible to calculate these automatically?
+                table_radixes: &[93, 94, 113],
+                table_max: &[219, 187, 113],
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn derive(&self, set: u8, n_seed_1: u8, n_seed_2: u8, epoch: u32) -> u8 {
+        // FIXME: so many probably unnecessary casts here
+
+        let mid_index = 8 * (n_seed_1 as usize % (self.mid_table.len() / 8));
+        let mid_table_value = self.mid_table[4 + mid_index];
+        let mut mid_bytes = [0u8; 4];
+        mid_bytes.copy_from_slice(&self.mid_table[mid_index..mid_index + 4]);
+        let mid_value = u32::from_le_bytes(mid_bytes);
+
+        let epoch_days = 3 * (epoch as usize / 60 / 60 / 24);
+        let day_table_index = 4 * (epoch_days % (self.day_table.len() / 4));
+        let day_table_value = self.day_table[day_table_index];
+
+        let set_radix = self.table_radixes[set as usize];
+        let set_max = self.table_max[set as usize];
+        let table_index = (set_radix as i32 * (n_seed_2 as i32 % set_max as i32)) as usize
+            + mid_value as usize * n_seed_1 as usize % set_radix as usize;
+        let set_result = match set {
+            0 => self.table0[table_index],
+            1 => self.table1[table_index],
+            2 => self.table2[table_index],
+            _ => 0,
+        };
+
+        (n_seed_1 as i32 + mid_table_value as i32 + day_table_value as i32 + set_result) as u8
+    }
+
+    /// Generates keys for scrambling or unscrambling packets. The callee must keep track of their seeds, we only generate the keys.
+    pub fn generate(&self, seed1: u8, seed2: u8, seed3: u32) -> ScramblerKeys {
+        let neg_seed_1 = seed1;
+        let neg_seed_2 = seed2;
+        let neg_seed_3 = seed3;
+
+        ScramblerKeys {
+            keys: [
+                self.derive(0, neg_seed_1, neg_seed_2, neg_seed_3),
+                self.derive(1, neg_seed_1, neg_seed_2, neg_seed_3),
+                self.derive(2, neg_seed_1, neg_seed_2, neg_seed_3),
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Holds the keys generated by `ScramblerKeyGenerator`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ScramblerKeys {
+    keys: [u8; 3],
+}
+
+impl ScramblerKeys {
+    /// Fetches the required base key for the given opcode.
+    pub fn get_base_key(&self, opcode: u16) -> u8 {
+        self.keys[(opcode % 3) as usize]
+    }
+}